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HTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Thu, 20 Nov 2025 21:01:09 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charsetutf-8Transfer-Encoding: chunkedConnection: keep-aliveServer: cloudflareCF-Ray: 9a1ae182cfafff12-PDXCF-Cache-Status: HITCache-Control: no-cacheETag: W/1a2b7-vEpXj+8ptCkPz7zVfRh0PjuZv1ELink: https://substackcdn.com>; relpreconnectSet-Cookie: ab_experiment_sampled%22false%22; Max-Age31536000; Domainblog.stephenturner.us; Path/; ExpiresFri, 20 Nov 2026 21:01:09 GMT; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSiteLaxSet-Cookie: ab_testing_id%22e82d47ed-1d50-421d-b523-84e5c59aa678%22; Max-Age31536000; Domainblog.stephenturner.us; Path/; ExpiresFri, 20 Nov 2026 21:01:09 GMT; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSiteLaxSet-Cookie: __cf_bmn6pDlWokWw55Saz426Ehdty9ecMJFpwe6Ks.tbDzoYE-1763672469-1.0.1.1-EyAkF3VZsy1tnArsir0UrotJU4ZApWJDwkqsOao6xYnvOvzRfb29B2NWoNTR9m.FBd95fNJvJtHGouS4vwTyL5aaJwVFSIe0jTJNILhHzyE; path/; expiresThu, 20-Nov-25 21:31:09 GMT; domain.blog.stephenturner.us; HttpOnly; SecureStrict-Transport-Security: max-age31536000Vary: Accept-Encodingcontent-security-policy: frame-ancestors self https://*.substack.com https://substack.comx-cluster: substackx-deploy: 898effb576x-powered-by: Expressx-served-by: Substackx-service: webx-sub: stephenturneralt-svc: h3:443; ma86400 !DOCTYPE html>html langen> head> meta charsetutf-8 /> meta namenorton-safeweb-site-verification content24usqpep0ejc5w6hod3dulxwciwp0djs6c6ufp96av3t4whuxovj72wfkdjxu82yacb7430qjm8adbd5ezlt4592dq4zrvadcn9j9n-0btgdzpiojfzno16-fnsnu7xd /> link relpreconnect hrefhttps://substackcdn.com /> title data-rhtrue>Paired Ends | Stephen Turner | Substack/title> meta data-rhtrue propertyog:type contentarticle/>meta data-rhtrue propertyog:title contentPaired Ends | Stephen Turner | Substack/>meta data-rhtrue nametwitter:title contentPaired Ends | Stephen Turner | Substack/>meta data-rhtrue namedescription contentBioinformatics, computational biology, and data science updates from the field. 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Occasional posts on programming./p>div classpublication-meta>div classpencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset pc-display-inline-flex>By Stephen Turner/div> · Over 2,000 subscribers/div>div stylewidth:100%; classpencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset>div stylewidth:100%;max-width:380px; classpencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-4 pc-reset>div classcontainer-IpPqBD>form action/api/v1/free?nojstrue methodpost novalidate classform form-M5sC90>input typehidden namefirst_url value/>input typehidden namefirst_referrer value/>input typehidden namecurrent_url/>input typehidden namecurrent_referrer/>input typehidden namefirst_session_url value/>input typehidden namefirst_session_referrer value/>input typehidden namereferral_code/>input typehidden namesource valuecover_page/>input typehidden namereferring_pub_id/>input typehidden nameadditional_referring_pub_ids/>div classsideBySideWrap-vGXrwP>div classemailInputWrapper-QlA86j>div classpencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA>input nameemail placeholderType your email... typeemail classpencraft emailInput-OkIMeB emailInputOnWelcomePage-nqc9VK input-y4v6N4 inputText-pV_yWb/>/div>/div>button tabindex0 typesubmit disabled classpencraft pc-reset pencraft rightButton primary subscribe-btn button-VFSdkv buttonBase-GK1x3M>span classbutton-text >Subscribe/span>/button>/div>div iderror-container>/div>/form>/div>div translated classpencraft pc-paddingLeft-0 pc-mobile-paddingLeft-16 pc-paddingRight-0 pc-mobile-paddingRight-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-reset line-height-20-t4M0El font-text-qe4AeH size-13-hZTUKr weight-regular-mUq6Gb reset-IxiVJZ tosText-yAQHNw>By subscribing, I agree to Substack’s a hrefhttps://substack.com/tos target_blank relnoopener noreferrer classtosLink-n6HoHl>Terms of Use/a> and acknowledge its a hrefhttps://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected target_blank relnoopener noreferrer classtosLink-n6HoHl>Information Collection Notice/a> and a hrefhttps://substack.com/privacy target_blank relnoopener noreferrer classtosLink-n6HoHl>Privacy Policy/a>/div>/div>/div>a classno-styles>button tabindex0 typebutton data-testidmaybeLater classpencraft pc-reset pencraft maybeLater-PlK9NK buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_md-gCDS3o>No thanks, Ill just readsvg xmlnshttp://www.w3.org/2000/svg width20 height20 viewBox0 0 24 24 fillnone strokecurrentColor stroke-width2 stroke-linecapround stroke-linejoinround classlucide lucide-chevron-right>path dm9 18 6-6-6-6>/path>/svg>/button>/a>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div> /div> script srchttps://js.sentry-cdn.com/6c2ff3e3828e4017b7faf7b63e24cdf8.min.js crossoriginanonymous>/script> script> window.Sentry && window.Sentry.onLoad(function() { window.Sentry.init({ environment: window._preloads.sentry_environment, dsn: window._preloads.sentry_dsn, }) }) /script> script>window._preloads JSON.parse({\isEU\:false,\language\:\en\,\country\:\US\,\userLocale\:{\language\:\en\,\region\:\US\,\source\:\default\},\base_url\:\https://blog.stephenturner.us\,\stripe_publishable_key\:\pk_live_51QfnARLDSWi1i85FBpvw6YxfQHljOpWXw8IKi5qFWEzvW8HvoD8cqTulR9UWguYbYweLvA16P7LN6WZsGdZKrNkE00uGbFaOE3\,\captcha_site_key\:\6LdYbsYZAAAAAIFIRh8X_16GoFRLIReh-e-q6qSa\,\pub\:{\apple_pay_disabled\:false,\apex_domain\:null,\author_id\:1536121,\byline_images_enabled\:false,\bylines_enabled\:true,\chartable_token\:null,\community_enabled\:true,\copyright\:\Stephen Turner\,\cover_photo_url\:null,\created_at\:\2020-11-06T23:20:06.917Z\,\custom_domain_optional\:false,\custom_domain\:\blog.stephenturner.us\,\default_comment_sort\:\best_first\,\default_coupon\:null,\default_group_coupon\:\c2d89d29\,\default_show_guest_bios\:true,\email_banner_url\:null,\email_from_name\:\Stephen Turner\,\email_from\:null,\embed_tracking_disabled\:false,\explicit\:false,\expose_paywall_content_to_search_engines\:true,\fb_pixel_id\:null,\fb_site_verification_token\:null,\flagged_as_spam\:false,\founding_subscription_benefits\:,\free_subscription_benefits\:\Occasional public posts\,\ga_pixel_id\:null,\google_site_verification_token\:\dxZzoysmCAyF6nBaCCdAESLncT13Y3EyaWPpNuXvw1I\,\google_tag_manager_token\:null,\hero_image\:null,\hero_text\:\Bioinformatics, computational biology, and data science updates from the field. 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