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Domain > www.cornelis-de-groot.nl
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Date
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2018-08-05
34.247.145.17
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2025-11-20
46.30.213.66
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Port 80
HTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Thu, 20 Nov 2025 18:09:13 GMTServer: ApacheLast-Modified: Fri, 04 Nov 2022 17:08:27 GMTVary: Accept-EncodingContent-Type: text/htmlX-Varnish: 39845700215Age: 0Via: 1.1 webcache1 (Varnish/trunk)ETag: W/1695c-5eca81f5267f5-gzipAccept-Ranges: bytesConnection: keep-aliveTransfer-Encoding: chunked !DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC -//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd>html classfullHeight langnl-NL dirltr> head> title>TIME AND SPACE - www.cornelis-de-groot.nl/title> meta http-equivcontent-type contenttext/html;charsetUTF-8> meta http-equivPragma contentno-cache> meta http-equivExpires content-1> meta http-equivimagetoolbar contentno> link relcanonical hrefhttp://www.cornelis-de-groot.nl/> link relmanifest href/manifest.json>link relyandex-tableau-widget href/yandex-browser-manifest.json> meta content123website.nl propertyog:site_name>meta content1280 propertyog:image:width>meta content1280 propertyog:image:height>meta contentThoughts on time and space Contours of reality TIME“What is time exactly?If you do not ask me what time is, I know;if you ask me, I do not know.”Aurelius Augustinus (354 - 430) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTIONTIMESPACESPACE-TIMESIZE OF SPACE-TIMENOWCONSCIOUSN... propertyog:description>meta contentimages/i281756464648059621._szw1280h1280__1.jpg propertyog:image:url> meta namedescription contentThoughts on time and space Contours of reality TIME“What is time exactly?If you do not ask me what time is, I know;if you ask me, I do not know.”Aurelius Augustinus (354 - 430) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTIONTIMESPACESPACE-TIMESIZE OF SPACE-TIMENOWCONSCIOUSN...> link relstylesheet typetext/css mediaall hrefcss/global.css>link relstylesheet typetext/css mediaall hrefCssForwarder_1.css>!--if lt IE 7>link relstylesheet typetext/css mediaall href/userpages/pages/CssForwarder.css?locationroot&stylestdButton_ie6.css&version1.1.0 />!endif-->link relstylesheet typetext/css mediaall hrefCssForwarder_3.css>link relstylesheet 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div idwrapper classwrapper fullHeight> div classcenterPage fullHeight> table idcenterTable border0 cellspacing0 cellpadding0 height100%> tr> td classfullHeight valigntop> table width939 height100% border0 cellspacing0 cellpadding0> tr> td idcenterTableContentCell classfullHeight valigntop> table idcenterTableContentTable width770 border0 bgcolorwhite cellspacing0 cellpadding0 height100%> tr> td valigntop bgcolor#cccccc width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> td valigntop bgcolorwhite width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> td classnoprint valigntop bgcolorc0bfbf width169>div classmenuPlace user_menu_container user_menu_lightbg> div idmenutop> div classmenuTxt oneLineSpace>span idmenu1_lbTitle>/span>/div>/div> ul> li classmenu_first_item menu_selected_opened_item>div classmenuitem_frontpage>a classopened href164289120.html>span classtext_holder>span>TIME AND SPACE/span>/span>/a>/div> ul> li classsubmenu_first_item>div classmenuitem_standardpage>a class href164289121.html>span classtext_holder>span>EPILOGUE/span>/span>/a>/div>/li>li classsubmenu_last_item>div classmenuitem_guestbook>a class href164289123.html>span classtext_holder>span>guestbook/span>/span>/a>/div>/li> /ul> /li> li classmenu_last_item>div classmenuitem_standardpage>a classclosed href164289124.html>span classtext_holder>span>The BIG BANG/span>/span>/a>/div> /li> /ul> table> tr alignleft> td alignleft> style> .imgbottombanner { display: block; height: 49px; width: 149px; background-image: url(images/nl-NL_logo-banner-light.png); } /style> /td> /tr> /table> /div>/td> td valigntop bgcolor#cccccc width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans_1.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> td valigntop bgcolorwhite width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans_1.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> td valigntop classtmpMain user_content user_content_lightbg > div classtmpMainBox> div classuser_top> div classdiv_outer> div classdiv_middle> h1 classdiv_inner user_title> Thoughts on Time and Space /h1> /div> /div> div classuser_top_bg>/div> div classuser_top_image>/div> /div> div classsectionsList> div classsectionContainer> div classtextSectionContent clearfix> div id_ctl0_autoName_2_sectionsList__ctl0_textSection_htmPhotoImage classtextImage largeImageTopRight> img width270 height360 classcmppicture data-bigimageimages/i281756464648059621._szw1280h1280_.jpg srcimages/i281756464648059621._szw270h3500_.jpg> span>/span> /div>p>strong>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>Thoughts /span>/span>/span>/span>/strong>strong>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>on time /span>/span>/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>and space/span>/span>/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 18px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Contours of reality/span>/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>TIME/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>“What is time exactly?/span>/em>/p> p>em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If you do not ask me what time is, I know;/span>/em>/p> p>em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>if you ask me, I do not know.”/span>/em>/p> p aligncenter>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Aurelius Augustinus (354 - 430)/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>TABLE OF CONTENTS/span>/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>INTRODUCTION/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>TIME/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>SPACE/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>SPACE-TIME/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>SIZE OF SPACE-TIME/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>NOW/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>CONSCIOUSNESS/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>REALITY/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>IN CONCLUSION/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>ADDENDUM/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>INTRODUCTION/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Thoughts on time and space: in the process of this study, you will notice that there is an immeasurable stratification in the meaning of these words./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I think you will also experience the dizzying dimension of time and space. And the curious fact that essentially time and space are becoming closer./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Right from the start, I would like to invite you to think with me and particularly to challenge me if you have another opinion. As it is a written document, the latter is difficult to execute literally. However, if at a certain point you think ‘this is rubbish’ then please stop reading, because I want you to think about it and also to make choices. Only continue reading if you are in agreement with my reasoning or if you are prepared to consider my thoughts on that point. You decide when this essay has finished. The essay does not have any definite ending./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>TIME/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Does time go in fits and starts?/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Before I exchange ideas with you about the fantastic panoramic view of time and space, I want to ask you the question as to whether time could go in fits and starts. Is this nonsense or is worth considering?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Much of what we observe in nature or in the development of plant, animal and humans seems, on reflection, to proceed in fits and starts. Rhythmical development in natural processes seems to be the rule rather than the exception. On a very small scale, energy is also released in little bits. Could this also apply to time? Is it possible that time on a small scale also proceeds discontinuously?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Although this doesn’t directly contribute to answering the question, it is good to realise that in our most usual way of observing the time, “telling the time”, the hands of the clock indicate the passage of time with imperceptible small jolts. With a large station clock, you can actually see this happening./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Be that as it may, it is important that if we are entertaining such a strange idea of jolts in time that we should first consider whether or not this idea will lead to absurdity. Can you envisage a discontinuity, isn’t it in conflict with our fundamental idea of time? The first hurdle we have to overcome in this thought process is to create an image of such a moment. How can we present a concept of discontinuous time?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Fantasising about this, an interruption in time that you experience should give a sensation of a moment of interrupted consciousness, a moment of amnesia within which, without noticing, you switch from one place and position to another. This is a sensation, moreover, that gains visual and emotional shape in the dream. In the dream, you are in another place. What is typical in the dream is not only the fact that the continuity is interrupted, but also the total transformation of your situation. You are transferred from one world to another. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Before I ask you what your opinion about this is, I’d like to say more about time and space. This may perhaps influence your opinion. I’m going to ask you to sit up straight in your chair and not lean backwards. I’m also bolt upright in my chair./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>What is time?/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It’s a difficult job defining time. Time is not connected to the senses. You can see through the agency of your eyes. You can hear through the agency of your ears. You can feel through the agency of your sense of touch. You can taste through the agency of your taste buds. You can smell by means of your olfactory organs. With these senses you perceive the world around you. They give you information about the location, taste, smell, form, dimension and movement of an object./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Conversely, you have no direct perception of time. Time is linked to one or more of these sensory perceptions. To some extent, it derived from them. I think that time could be a human concept which, in our attempt to penetrate nature and reality, we may have invented. Time might be a figment of our imagination./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Development of awareness of time/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the uterus, the foetus is more or less deprived of sensory stimulus. He cannot see, his hearing is restricted to hearing his mother’s heart beating and perhaps some background noise produced in the mother’s immediate environment, such as talking and singing. At an earlier stage of his development, when the senses are not completely developed, these stimuli are also absent. In this stage of development the foetus must also lack any perception of time. That is because he lacks the instruments needed to develop this. Later in the pregnancy, a certain rhythm develops in foetal movements. Patterns of respiration come into being; there is also a certain rhythm in foetal movements./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Once he is born, he will experience certain rhythms in his environment, such as the night/day rhythm. He will also be confronted with perceptions from his body which occur periodically, such as the feeling of hunger. A more significant aspect in the development of perception of time occurs when he starts to move. The baby begins to turn, he starts to crawl and he learns to walk. This demands tremendous effort. He has to keep his balance and avoid falling over after two steps./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>His motor development during the first two years of life, during which he becomes competent in covering distances on his own, also has an influence on his mental development. Increasingly, he will realise that moving his body from one place to another is a tiring and demanding activity. He also observes that other people and animals in his environment are also moving about. All these impressions are stored in his memory. This leads gradually to an awareness of time. It will probably not occur earlier than in the second year of life./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Does time exist beyond us?/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Is it possible that outside our personal experience time also leads an independent life? Can time also be defined, separate from our own existence, as a reality with particular properties that occurs in nature? Is nature aware of time or does nature make use of time – i.e. does nature anticipate time?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Does time exist outside us? Our thought processes need time to get a grip on the world. Time is the adhesive which enables us to shape our thoughts over everything we observe. A world without time is unthinkable for us, and by that I mean that we are bound to the concept of time to such an extent that it is not possible to imagine a world without time. In our daily life, we use time primarily as a concept of distance – a distance measured not in meters but in units of time. It measures a distance to the past or a distance to the future./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It seems reasonable to me to raise the question of whether there is also time outside our consciousness. Do animals have a sense of time as we do? Do plants have some sort of consciousness of time? Does a stone have any connection with time? Are molecules and atoms in some way related to time? Do photons (particle s of light) and electrons have any connection with time?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>As far as animals are concerned, it does seem that they have a form of time awareness. Many animals have a winter and a summer rhythm, which they anticipate. In the attack behaviour of predators, the awareness of time seems to play a decisive role./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Is there any way we can examine these questions? It can only be done indirectly, as we need to carefully exclude ourselves, although we are the ones who have raised the question and who want to do the research. We should therefore approach nature in a simple manner and make our observations and interpret them without any time dimension. Thinking without time dimension also excludes movement, because time is necessary for movement/span>a hrefservice-login_1.html#_ftn1>span stylefont-size: 14px;>1/span>/a>span stylefont-size: 14px;>./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>But we too can only experience time indirectly. If I run twice as quickly as usual up the stairs to the front door of my apartment on the first floor and for that reason arrive out of breath, then my fast respiration and the fast beating of my heart form an indirect experience of time. The space, the person and the action are the same, only the speed of the action is different. The effect is caused by performing the same action in less time. It means that aside from our senses and memory we can still experience time through physical phenomena./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>To that extent time seems to be more than a fabrication./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Mathematics/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Mathematics is a science that examines connections in a logical manner excluding time and space. Mathematics is based on formulae that indicate these connections./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>A simple example:/span>/p> p styletext-align: center;> /p> p styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>strong>A + B C/strong>/span>/span>/p> p> /p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The formula suggests that the transformation of A and B into C is instantaneous, requires no energy and takes no time. Likewise, the formula suggests that A and B have no spatial connection./span>/span>/span>/span>/span>/p> p styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the formula time has been eliminated. The symbol () has no connection with time and although A and B are independent units, they have no relationship with time. In nature, time and space have a role in every event. There () cannot be momentary and A and B have a definite spatial dimension there./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>However, mathematics does not profess to explain nature. In that respect it is an auxiliary science./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>On the other hand, mathematics is the language of reality. It skirts the problem of language that some things cannot be expressed and others can lead to multiple meanings. Language brushes against reality while mathematics jumps right into it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>SPACE/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Experiencing space/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>You can only experience time indirectly. Experiencing space, however, is different. This is a sensory experience and a more direct experience. You see space, at least if there are objects in it and in our world we always see objects, we do not have pure space. It is almost impossible to imagine pure space. There will always be objects in space on which we focus./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Space without objects in it is for us an imagined space. We won’t be able to form any image of it. This space imagined purely by us without any objects in it has four dimensions. There is no way in which you could reduce it. The space without objects has no limitations, not in time and not in place. It stretches from front to back, from above to below, from left to right and from the past to what is to come. Pure space is four-dimensional, time is included in it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In our everyday life, we call space air and because this is associated with objects a link with time and space comes into being and we experience it as three-dimensional./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our visual faculties, senses of hearing and taste enable us to have a direct experience of space. It is a restricted space, space that is limited on all sides: a limited, three-dimensional space. This space may well be immense. When you are on the beach and look out to sea, you can experience space as colossal. But limited in size: to your right and your left by the shoreline, above by the vault of the sky and behind by the dunes and in front by the sea and the horizon, the periphery of the firmament. If you stand at the same place on a clear night, the size of space is much greater, as you now have the star-spangled sky above you with the Milky Way, separated from you by millions of light years. The size of the space can therefore vary and is dependent on the hour of the day and on the place at which you are standing. Our experience of space is personal. When you are dreaming, you have a different experience of space from your partner who is lying next to you. Everyone has a different experience of space, even when sitting in the same room. In a concert hall, those sitting in the front rows experience space differently from those sitting in balcony seats./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If our experience of space with everything in it is moving in relation to the space around it we don’t notice it. For example, we don’t notice the rotation of the earth in our daily life. Nor do we notice that we are going up in a slowly moving lift after the initial jolt when it starts moving./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>With a little fantasy we can extend our experience of space. Thus, we can picture the valley on the other side of the mountain. We can even visualise the total space of the universe./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The image of our space experience gains shape by means of the objects in it An example is the above description of space when standing on the beach. If we shut our eyes to get an idea of what that space would be without matter we cannot get rid of the picture that we observed with open eyes. Without wishing to, we still see that beach, the water and the dunes instead of the empty space between them. We cannot manage to visualise the negative of the image. It is like a wooden puzzle for young children, where you have a board with hollowed- out shapes for a sheep, a cow, a horse, a chicken and a farmhouse. Once you’ve taken out the puzzle pieces from the board it becomes a piece of wood without images, it is a non-figure./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We can also extend our experience of space through instruments. We can look at space through a telescope, or by using infra-red rays. In that way, we can look deep into the universe. Then we are talking about cosmological space. Cosmological space is an enlargement of our experience of space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our experience of space is not empty. It is filled with all sorts of matter such as molecules of oxygen and nitrogen. Without these substances we couldn’t even manage to stay alive. Experience of space is a relative concept. What we experience as space will, for example, be different to what fish experience as space. A fish will experience the water as space and not the air as we do. To take this idea a step further, the space experience of X-rays will be broadened with all our intestines and muscles: the X-ray will only encounter our skeleton as not belonging to space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In a narrower sense, nearly everything is space. What we usually describe as matter is, microscopically seen, full of space. On the other hand, in practice, there is also matter present in what we call empty space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Whatever you think about space, it has a relationship with matter and you could see space as an extreme dilution of matter. Think of space as a web spun by matter./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Empty space/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What is “empty space”? How can we imagine it? Empty space is shapeless, with no colour, no smell and no weight. Empty space removes itself from our perception./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>But weren’t those also the properties of time? Aren’t time and space in their most profound form perhaps identical? How can we examine that further? Aren’t both a construct of our thinking and is the difference merely a difference in basic assumption. The basic principle of time is one coming after another, whereas the basic principle of space is one coming next to the other. Both are concerned with a position determining objects: a position in time and a position on the field. The two positions together determine the place of the object in reality./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>For experimental purposes, it is possible to create empty space. In a sealed room one can remove all matter from that room. Visually it makes no difference; visually this space cannot be distinguished from ordinary space. Yet processes within this space do react differently. Light moves with a greater speed in a vacuum than outside it. Sound will not be able to travel in it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>“Beyond” space/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>“Beyond” space is a filosophical space. It is the space that was there before the space which is there now. In cosmological terms, the space that was there before the Big Bang. There is also that space outside the existing space, or in other words, the space into which the universe expands./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>“Beyond” space is thus on the one hand the space on no side of time and on the other hand the space on no side of the space of the universe. “Beyond” space is the embodiment of nothingness as opposed to something/span>a hrefservice-login_1.html#_ftn2>span stylefont-size: 14px;>2/span>/a>span stylefont-size: 14px;>. Something, in this instance, refers to space as we experience it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I imagine that this is a moment for you to take a break. Have I gone too far in your opinion? Could you follow the reasoning, and more to the point, do you share the conclusion that the reasoning has brought us to a crossroads of illusion and reality? “Beyond” space will, whatever advances are made in science, always remain outside our field of vision./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Nevertheless, considered logically, there should be something preceding every happening. For that reason at least, it is necessary to question the nature of that “previously”. Thus by contemplating space we caught sight of “beyond” space and placed it on the edge of the universe. Nothingness on the edge of something./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>SPACE-TIME/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Time as a fourth dimension/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The fourth dimension is absent from our direct observation of space. The fourth dimension is added to our three-dimensional space to indicate that our space is also shaped by time. This is concealed from us as it were, just as the other side of the moon is concealed from us. We have a view of three dimensions and the fourth is concealed behind that trio, but does show its shadow./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Because space with objects permeates our entire visual image, we cannot add time to it. We can only do that if we visualise space as two-dimensional, as a result of which time can be depicted graphically or if we mentally shut off a compartment of space. An example would be a toy horse on wheels that a child pulls along with a string. The horse would represent space, the child that is pulling the horse, would be time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The fourth dimension is invisible but not unreal and leaves a shadow. Time gives itself away through this shadow. Take a burning candle: a minimal change of space becomes visible as the candle burns down. Both the ticking of a clock and the decreasing length of the candle depict time in space. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>There is a trick to make space visible in a two-dimensional depiction of space. Take a photograph with a long exposure time. Things which move during the exposure are blurred or distorted. Imagine a photograph of a Friesian ‘staartklok’ (long-case clock): with a long exposure time the movement of the pendulum will be represented as a grey triangle. Or a street that you photograph at night-time with a long exposure time, the back lights of a series of moving cars will be seen on the photograph as red stripes. These are ways of making a visual record of time in space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>You realise that the time you visualised is linked to objects, objects that change and move. If you were to photograph space, without objects, then time, even with a long exposure, cannot be captured. The representation of time in space is dependent on matter and movement. Matter in movement makes time and space merge, it creates “space-time”/span>a hrefservice-login_1.html#_ftn3>span stylefont-size: 14px;>3/span>/a>span stylefont-size: 14px;>./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If you stand at the sea you can observe space-time. I’ll show you./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Space-time concept/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Empty space we came to the conclusion that this also applied to empty space. We even wondered whether time and empty space You can have a direct experience of space-time if you look out to sea from the shore line. You see the foam-crested waves rising, then toppling over and then the growth of a new wave that also crests foamily and topples. It is an endless happening. If you stand there looking at this for a few minutes you will see space-time with your own eyes. The sea with its waves is space. The movement of this ‘wave landscape’ is time. It is a visual experience. You realise that you are observing space-time. What was previously a concept, a mental model, becomes visible, and is an active component of nature. It comes to life, becomes reality. Time continually penetrates space, time merges with it, space becomes ‘space-time’./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Now, in fact, it doesn’t make any difference ,whether the sea is as smooth as a millpond and looks like an unmoving landscape, because you have seen time in it. What is so special about this observation of the surging sea? It is that you see time while memory is excluded. When you are looking at the waves of the sea you have no memory of the moment before nor do you have any anticipation of the moment afterwards. The play of the waves is too capricious for that. This is exceptional as memory is nearly always involved with an event in time. Just think about it. When you are aware of time it is nearly always because you remember what happened previously or you have expectations of what is going to happen./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>With an experiment at the shoreline you can also discover, but this is more complex, that space-time is not endless but has a limited format. At that place, you can actually experience another space-time, by doing the following./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Put down your watch between yourself and the shoreline so that the water doesn’t reach it. Once again, take the time to look at the waves for a few minutes, glancing regularly at your watch. This glimpse at your watch directs your thoughts to the constantly moving cogs within the watch casing. To your astonishment you will then discover that looking at your watch and the sea simultaneously is a confusing experience. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The reason for this is that the time part of the space-time of the sea is different from the time part of the space-time of your watch. It is confusing because of the fact that you are looking at two space-times simultaneously. If there is also a sea gull flying over the water there is even a third simultaneous space-time in one field of vision. The simultaneously observed space-times may be linked to one another, for example by a boat sailing over the waves. Then the space-time of the sea and that of the boat are both visible. A sea gull that picks up a fish from the water is again a new simultaneous space-time. The space-times also move in relation to one another and the format of the space-times varies, as shown in the examples above. What we also observe is that the time of space-time is not universal. Each space-time contains its own characteristic of time within it. The time aspect of one space-time is not equivalent to the time aspect of another space-time. The time of the swelling sea is not the same as the time of the ticking watch, which is again different from that of a sea gull flying above./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Yet there is a hiatus in our reasoning about space-time. What happens with space-time if instead of standing still you move? Let’s go back to the beach, our usual observation place. Our first observations were on the basis of standing still at the shoreline and looking at the waves and we learnt that in this way we had discovered time as a component of space-time. What happens when instead of standing still, we ourselves, just like the waves are moving?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>For a start, I suggest that we take a small sloop and climb in once we are over the breakers. Now we ourselves are moving through the movements of the sloop. If we look about, we can again see the movement of the waves around us. Compared with the view we saw standing on the beach, the waves are now more turbulent. As we are now rocking in the boat with the waves, the movement has changed character. If, from the beach, they were forward-moving waves, we have the impression now that they are going up and down. Thus the nature of the spectacle changes somewhat, but also from the position in the boat you can see space-time. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Now imagine that you are moving much more quickly on the water, for example in a speedboat, what is the view of space-time then? You will see space-time but even more than in the previous situation and you will realise that it is your own movement that is in the foreground./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What is special about these experiments is that with your senses you can see, can hear, can smell and feel space-time and you can also observe the limits in size of a particular space-time. Space-time is no longer a construct of thought, but a visual observation. It is no longer a mental concept but it is something we can observe or reveal with an experiment./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Looking at different space-times’/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px; data-mce-mark1> /span>span stylefont-size: 14px; data-mce-mark1> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>The sea swell/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our observation place is on the beach by the sea. The swell of the sea is the time aspect of space-time. There is little regularity; one wave can be higher than another. The distance between the waves is also varied. The moment at which they crest and topple over with white foam has a certain rhythm but is completely irregular and unpredictable. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The sea, with the beach and the air is a relatively large space-time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>The clock/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The space-time of the clock, compared with that of the sea, is much smaller. The clock is a coherent entity of cogs, which either through the energy of the mainspring or the energy of the weights are constantly pushed forward. The construction is such that a maximal regularity is achieved. The hands of the clock move forward with little jolts. You can actually see this with a large dial, for example the dial of a station clock or a church clock./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Lightening/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>There is hardly a finer example to be found in nature of a happening in fits and starts than this. Lightening is a tremendous jolt. Moreover, it branches out and the branches also cause jolts./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Brownian motion/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Here too, the jolting is conspicuous. The particles, suspended in fluid, move in an unpredictable, random manner./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Thus, many movements in nature display unpredictable, random behaviour or a certain rhythmicity. Irregularity, jolting or rhythmicity in movement patterns is the rule in nature. Regularity and a smooth course are the exceptions: a javelin that is thrown displays a smooth movement, just as a rocket launched into the ether./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p> /p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Indications of time/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Previously and later/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In order to explain this, I am going back to the beach and looking at the waves. Previously is what happened earlier. Because of the random course of the wave, it is not possible to build up any memory of what the pattern of waves was minutes before. There is a continuous irregular motion of the surface of the sea and we can only see the pattern as it is now. The same applies to the sea and the waves at a later moment. Previously and later, for that reason, do not add anything, the observation of the moment is all there is./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This is not so for the watch, the memory can establish where the hands were at an earlier moment, but sooner or later contribute nothing if the ticking time piece has no hands./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The phrase “previously” represents a connection with our memory, for example the earlier position of the hands of a clock. With “previously”, we conceive a virtual space-time with our memory, into which space we place memories. It is a remembered space without actual dimensions. “Later”, i.e. the future, is usually blank./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>However, when movement in space-time is regular, there is both a definite earlier and a definite later, issuing from a certain moment. A goalkeeper sees where a ball is going and takes measures to stop it. A fly nearly always manages to evade being hit. And there are many such incidences of successfully anticipating what is coming./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>THE SIZE OF SPACE TIME/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Limited size/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In this discussion, it is important that you understand that we introduced space-time as a conceptual space. Nevertheless, it transpires that we can experience space-time, even in a direct manner, when moving matter is present in that space. We experience space-time, moreover, as a space of limited size. In fact, this idea is the same as what we posited with the experience of space. Here too, we experience limits of size. The world consists of a ragbag of many space-times all limited in size/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>How can space-time be limited in dimension and what constitutes these limits?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>A comparison I made earlier is space in which there is no clear barrier, but a space that finds its limits, for example at the end of a light shaft as the lighting takes place from a particular point. Such a limit of size is relative, there is no material limitation: if we were to make the light stronger, the size of the space would become greater./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If the space-time is not unlimited, it has a role in the dynamics of happenings occurring in that space; the outcome of everything that takes place in space-times’ will to a large extent be determined by the sizes of the space-times. Compare that for example with the passage of a bobsleigh on a bobsleigh track. Here, there are two space-times: the space-time of the sleigh and the space-time of the circuit. The influence of the size of the space is even more explicit when the field is not fixed, but changes all the time, such as in computer games, in which the player has to cope with changing situations as the game continues./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>One problem of space-time, if we consider it as existing components of size, is establishing what determines its size./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>With the sea, it is difficult to define the components of size, with a timepiece it is easier, the size coincides with the size of the timepiece./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The space-time size of a gull that skims over the water also corresponds with its exterior, but the space-time of a flight of geese is defined by the entire flight rather than by one flying goose./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>A problem of space-time is how do we measure the size? And what separates simultaneously occurring space-times then? Could it be just our perception?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We already discovered in our experiments by the sea that we could observe space-time by looking at the waves. It was also there that we traced simultaneous space-times. From this, we concluded that there was not one endless space-time in the universe. We also argued that space-times in the past or in the future are without size. Only in the present do they have a size. The size comes into being through the simultaneous presence of other space-times experienced by us. A space-time in the past is a remembered space-time or a space-time set on paper or on film and has no simultaneous space-time. This is also the case for a space-time in the future that we imagine or predict. Space-times outside the space-time that we are actually experiencing have become, as it were, one-dimensional. They are space-times that we re-build and shape from our memory. For this reason they are no longer real pictures, they have no spatial dimension, they are translations from our memory. A simultaneous happening can only be translated by our memory as before or after./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Look again at the beach and the waves; that is a visual space-time. There are also other visual space-times that you can simultaneously experience by the sea./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Merging and breaking free from simultaneous space-times/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the present, space-times are in constant motion. Different simultaneous space-times can merge and from one space-time several space-times can come into being./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If you stand on the beach by the sea and consider the space-time from the waves at the shoreline and there is a shower then there is a melting of the space-time of the falling raindrops with the sea. Similarly, it is the case if a dog runs for a ball thrown by its owner and takes it in its mouth. Thus conversely, space-times can break loose from other space-times, such as bubbles from a bubble pipe, rain from a cloud, the javelin from the hand of a javelin-thrower, the apple that falls from a tree and people getting off a train./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Ourselves as space-time/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>My space-time is different from yours. In addition to the many personal differences that we have, such as a different hair colour, a different build, a different character and different talents, we are also different space-times. In contrast to our hair colour, our character and our talents, our space-times can merge, for example, when we shake hands and more abstractly, sing a song or march in a demonstration./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What does it mean to be a space-time oneself?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our own space-time is in constant motion, because we are walking, because we see and hear, because we are thinking./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>You and I each have our own space-time. In contrast to our own self, to our character, to our talents, our space-time is not material, not tangible, not breakable and cannot be created. And just like the space-time we observe when looking out to sea, our space-time loses its limitations both towards the past and towards the future. In other words, in contrast to our physical presence, your space-time and mine have no caesura, such as looking back to the caesura of our birth or looking forward to the caesura of our death./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Identical space-times/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Space-times can correspond with one another. The time aspect of one space-time can be the same as another space-time. For example, this is the case with a clock. The space aspect of clocks can vary considerably but they share the same time aspect./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In space-times with an identical time aspect, these time aspects can be quantified. To this end, we make use of the way in which we organise our society. Thus, it is possible to achieve a time observation. In so doing, it is essential that we agree a joint reference. In this case, Greenwich Mean Time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Time observation/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We chose the clock for this purpose, because the time aspect of the space-time of the clock can be made identical to that of other timepieces. That is a question of agreement; we are going to measure the time with clocks, timepieces and watches, whereby we will install the mechanisms in such a way that the hands move round the circle in the same time. We can install the mechanism of timepieces in such a way that the hands have the same speed of rotation all over the world./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>That makes it possible to quantify the speed of movements of objects according to a particular norm./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It is a choice that we make out of the many times around us. We could also have chosen as a unit the time between sunrise and sunset, for example. That too is not a chaotic time pattern. The only thing is it is difficult to use this time in places with a different geographical setting, as the time between sunrise and sunset differs per geographical location and per season. We have chosen one particular form of time out of an innumerable number of possibilities. We use this form of time everywhere and exclusively this one, but there is actually nothing unique in it. The choice is pragmatic./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Back to time/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It seems as if we could manage without time and just focus exclusively on space-times. In other words, that we could forget the particular concept of “time” because that construction has served its purpose, since it helped us to discover “space-time”. This is like not needing the baking tin once the cake has been baked. But as you saw, we need to use the man- made time-aspect of the clock to do our work and to arrange meeting points. We need in this case to compare the time-aspect of time-spaces/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>So time and space-time are different. Time allied to space comes to life. It arose from the concept and becomes a phenomenon in nature that you observe as movement and as energy. Time without space is an intellectual concept. Together they bring us to NOW./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>An abstraction, which fits in neatly here is Einstein’s famous formula, because there too time has a double function./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p aligncenter>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>E mc^2/span>/span>/strong>/p> p aligncenter>strong>em>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/em>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This formula can also be read as a formula that displays the dynamics of space-time. Here, time is also displayed in two manners, in “E” (energy, movement) as the space-time, while the “” sign displays an analogue of the simultaneous occurrence of space-times. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Our thinking about time and space up till now/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I have emphasised a number of times that our consciousness of time could be a construction of our thought processes because we have no direct sensory perception of time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Reflecting on em weren’t different aspects of the same phenomenon./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>These aspects did not apply to space-time as we can directly observe space-times. Think of the experiment at the sea shore. Space-time is objective, we can see that. All the same, without any profound abstraction we can experience that space-times have a limited size. However, the extension of the size is neither absolute nor material, but it is related to our “perception”. One condition for the existence of space-time is that there are objects in those spaces. We cannot speak of space-time without a material component./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The basic elements in our thinking about the world and everything around it refer to energy (movement), space, time and matter. With these four we can describe the entire universe and its origin. This is not so far removed from the opinion of the Ancient Greeks. They considered the world around them to be constructed from four basic elements: air, earth, fire and water./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Now, I have reached a point at which I want to ask your opinion about the above, for we have now reached a crucial point in this essay. At first, we came to the conclusion that all space is space-time. Furthermore we concluded from our experiments at the sea shore that multiple space-times were involved and not just one all embracing space-time. Secondly there is no universal time in space-time but every space-time has its own time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the introduction, I asked you to sit up straight in your chair because of the points made above. If you’ve slumped somewhat then I would ask you to read this bit again for this what it’s all about./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the idea we developed about time and space there is a hiatus and that’s what I want to talk to you about. Via time we came to space-time and we established that we could observe space-time. We even went a step further by noting that that the time in the space-time is no longer a half-baked idea but reality. By means of the waves you can see time. In space-time, time comes to life./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What we haven’t done is establish that our presence here is essential. Standing at the shore line looking at the waves allows us to see space-time. But what happens if that observation isn’t there? Then you have the sea and there are waves and there is the beach, but where is space-time? For that you or I must be there. Objectively, there is material (the sea, the beach), there is movement (the waves) and there is space. You are needed for the introduction of space-time. Without your conscious observation of the sea there is no space-time. A doll on the beach doesn’t create space-time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Another hiatus is the consideration of the role of time in relation to our presence, particularly our relation to NOW./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>NOW/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The question is what is the length of time of NOW and is the duration of NOW the same in all circumstances? For example, does the duration of NOW change when you move? But before we can ask the question about the duration of NOW we first have to establish what NOW is./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What is NOW? Is NOW something that we observe by means of our senses or are we the ones who bring NOW to life, or in other words, is NOW conceived by us and is there no NOW outside our consciousness?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I suggest depicting NOW as follows: NOW is the state of reality experienced by us. This is typified by the appearance of simultaneous events. In more expressive language, NOW is the dimension of the terrain existing for us./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The key question is what does NOW mean in relation to reality. In a certain sense, we can become aware of NOW, just as with space, with material or with movement. Not directly by looking or listening or feeling, but through the recognition that at the moment of NOW there are always multiple space-times, each with its own movement aspect./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Because it takes place before our eyes, it has become more than a fabrication; just like space-time it turns out to be an ingredient of reality./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This has led our thinking to a new perspective. NOW is the situation in which we experience simultaneous occurring space-times. It is also an answer to the question of what is actually time in this sense. Time is the experience of the NOW. Time has thereby ceased being a mere construction of our thought processes. It comes to us from outside, just as space-time, movement and material./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What we now have to consider is whether we can find out something about the duration of NOW. Does NOW have the same duration under any circumstances and what happens to NOW when you are in rapid motion?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>There is no way of timing it. If we tried to time the duration of NOW with a stopwatch, we would be disappointed. Under these circumstances, NOW would behave like an infinite moment. You would not be able to press the stopwatch at any particular moment. NOW is here, you cannot leave it behind you, nor can you stand in front of it. The reason for this is that we are an inherent part of NOW. We cannot free ourselves from it, NOW traipses along with us. And it doesn’t make any difference if we move or not. We have no point of reference for NOW. For that reason, there is no NOW in the past, or in the future. NOW links all of us together in the universe./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I think you will probably object, asking how that is possible, because we have just arrived at the insight that NOW belongs to reality. Then it seems logical that that we can also observe this NOW and make statements about it, for example about how long NOW lasts./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Is there any solution to this dilemma? NOW is the experience of a situation in which things are present at the same time. If we want to say something about the duration of that situation, then we have to indicate when the situation of simultaneous events changes into a situation in which that is no longer the case. However, that is something we cannot observe. Things that are not occurring simultaneously cannot be based on observation. Asynchronicity is not an experience. The conclusion is: NOW exists, just like material, space-time and movement./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We can say that NOW is a peculiar part of reality; it is immeasurable, invisible, inaudible and you cannot feel it. However, in a strange way it fits into the series: material, movement and space-time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>For NOW there is no beforehand and no afterwards. Past and future both retreat from our observation. Our memory enables us to remember events and we can fantasise over events that are not established in our memory, but the events have no direct relationship with reality, because for reality NOW is essential. NOW is like an observation point from which we can observe reality./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>CONSCIOUSNESS/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In our thoughts about time and space, we added space-times as the theatre in which we live and synchronicity as the delineation between space-times. We are constantly making delineations of the space-times. They are dependent on our existence and they take place through our consciousness. They are now and not earlier and also not later. NOW comes through our consciousness. With consciousness we experience NOW. Conversely, you could say that NOW without consciousness does not exist. It is not just a case of human consciousness. Every consciousness, however primitive, creates a NOW. The origin of NOW is the moment a living being becomes aware of the world around him./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>NOW is thus conceived by us and by other living beings. Without us there is no NOW. Without us there is still a universe – for example think of the first 10 billion years after the big bang, in which there were no living beings on earth. It was a universe without meaning, but it did have a promise: the promise of the coming into being of a NOW. A NOW that came into being from the ingredients of the primordial soup./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It is strange that we cannot observe the universe as it is now, a part of it, our earth, the moon, the planets and the sun we can more or less observe in the situation in which they are now, but for the majority of the universe we observe the situation as it was. For the most distant solar systems we see the situation of more than ten billion years ago. So in terms of time, there is thus a distortion in our observations of the universe./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If a cosmic catastrophe happened to take place in which for example a distant solar system came to grief, we would only be able to observe it millions of light years in the future. That would be a time in which we would no longer be able to observe it because life on earth might have been extinguished through exhaustion of solar energy./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The question is whether we should consider the distortion in the time of the universe not as NOW, because this is the only manner in which we can observe it. In this way we are permitted to glance at a NOW in the distant past. In the same manner a creature from a distant solar system (1.9 x 1016 km away from us) is now capable of observing details from our existence 2013 years ago, with its telescope, assuming that level of technology is available for that./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>REALITY/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>When thinking about time and space I sought refuge a number of times in that immense thought reservoir “reality”. I feel obliged to empty this reservoir for you as well as I can and to do that it is necessary to explain the concept as I used it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Reality, to me means that which we can measure with our senses, making use of all possible measuring instruments to assist us and also that which we experience./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>By means of logical reasoning we can draw conclusions from that. The reality formed in this way stands or falls with the accuracy of the observations and the logic of the ensuing reasoning. Within reality there are an untold number of uncertainties. Reality changes through new observations, measurements and experiences and through thinking about it, and when we correct faults in observation or perception./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Reality also has a limitation; it is our reality, the reality of you and me and that too can change. Reality is not limited to existence, to the here and now; reality is related to everything we know, not just about the here and now, but to what has been and what will be./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It may be that reality for the ladybird, the swallow, for the inhabitant of another planet is different. These varying realities however, cannot be conflicting with one another, they must be in harmony, because we live in one universe, in which we, just as much as others are an intrinsic element./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Through our thinking we humans are directly involved in reality. We do not merely unravel the elements of reality. We are also involved in giving them shape. With everything that we are, we belong to reality and we influence it. We take part in what is happening. We are participants and not witnesses./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p> /p> p> /p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>IN CONCLUSION/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We have considered time and space. Does time move forward in jolts? Isn’t time a fabrication? After all, we can only experience time indirectly. We can see space, at least if there are objects in it. It is possible to see time, at the sea shore, when we look at the waves. Actually, it isn’t time we see, what we see is movement, but time is needed for movement. It was not time, but space-time that we saw. And at the same time we noticed other space-times, such as the ticking watch and the seagull flying overhead. Reality consists of multiple space-times. We wondered how they were separated from one another. We came to the conclusion that time was involved in the separation. And then we discussed the phenomenon of NOW, that could only exist as a result of our consciousness. We wondered whether what we had thought of represented reality. Do you think, it is possible to place time, space, space-times, NOW, reality and consciousness into one framework?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I would like to make a suggestion to you. Could all the elements named above be classified under the concept “happenings”? That is to say events in the sense of what is happening, what has happened and what is going to happen. You can then see our reflections about time and space as reflections about processes of happening. Reality in that case consists of an innumerable number of associated, intertwined and overlapping events. Nothing more and nothing less. Such as the big bang, the process of evolution, the swelling universe, the surging sea, the ticking watch, illness and also the chair in front of you, even the reading of this text, because these are all happenings./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our thoughts, our emotions, our actions depend on surprise, but also on bewilderment at the nature, cause and consequences of all this./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This essay is a reaction to that. With our understanding we tried to analyse one aspect of the nature of happenings, i.e. the fact that a happening, whatever it may be, accommodates space and time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>At this point, I’d like to round off our reflections on time and space. We have learned to recognise time and space as a dyad. Neither time nor space exist separately in the elements occurring in reality. Linked to objects, to material, together they form a “happening” and we can give them a place. It is not the pure reality that we perceive with our senses and our thoughts, but it is a representation, which bears its contours./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>“Do I have to sit up straight in my chair for this?” you wonder./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Don’t forget that I was also sitting bolt upright in my chair./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Cornelius de Groot (Septemer 2013)/span>/p> p>a hrefmailto:cj.degroot@chello.nl>span stylefont-size: 14px;>cj.degroot@chello.nl/span>/a>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>a hrefservice-login.html#_ftnref>span stylefont-size: 14px;>1/span>/a> em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The British physicist, Julian Barbour, examined this more deeply. In his book “The end of time”, he gives a picture of what the world might be like without time and also without movement. His world consists of instantaneous exposures and each following moment is reached by a step into another world. Each step or change means transferring to another world. It is like a series of photographs that are almost on top of each other./span>/em>/p> p>a hrefservice-login.html#_ftnref>span stylefont-size: 14px;>2/span>/a> em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This is in contradiction of Heidegger’s statement about why there is something and not nothing. There is certainly room within philosophy for nothingness. And nothingness is the alter ego of something./span>/em>/p> p>a hrefservice-login.html#_ftnref>span stylefont-size: 14px;>3/span>/a> em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Minkowski, a mathematician and a teacher of Einstein, is the father of the space-time concept: time and space are one; the entity is not an evolution of time and space, but a fundamental concept. He developed a mathematical formula for the relationship between time and space, referred to as ‘space-time’ in the literature. /span>/em>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/strong>/p> /div> /div> div classsectionContainer> div classtextSectionContent clearfix> p> /p> p>span stylefont-size: 24px;>strong>ADDENDUM/strong>/span>/p> p> /p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I started this essay Time and Space with the question if time could go in fits and starts. I want now to reflect on this question. Furthermore I will finish this essay./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It is now 8 years later since I wrote the essay, yet there was not a single day in which I didnt have thought about it, wondering if I had really expressed my thoughts about time and space. And if the tool of thinking is not insufficient for our understanding of time and space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Concerning the question if time could be looked upon as a phenomenon which is characterized by the fact that it goes on in fits and starts, I think that could not really be so because time must have plasticity which it did not have./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What is most essential to keep in mind is that time and space can not be separated from each other and are always expressed in relation with events.The origin of our Universe is such an event.If time and space already existed before the origin of the Universe then space and time would be situated in another area which could be named for instance a Parallel Universe.And even then remains the question where and when time and space were before that. And so on./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The conclusion that the existence of time and space is unending is inescapable.Logically time and space are unending entities,but this contradicts reasable thinking for every thing in nature must have a start and an ending.This means that time and space can never be fully understood by thinking and that means that REALITY can not be explored by thinking efforts of our brain only.Therefore we need to find other non-thinking pathways to come closer to that. br>/span>/p> p> /p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p> /p> /div> /div> /div> !-- comments box -->div classuserpages_comments_default_divider>/div>a id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_lnkCommentAnchor namecomments>/a>div classuserpages_comments_container> div classlike_share_page> span classshare_link>a hrefuserpages/pages/controls/# id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmShareThisOn>Deel de site op Facebook/a>/span> div classclear_float>/div> /div>div id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_pnlCommentSection classcomment_box_container> div classcomments_box_outer> div classcomments_box_bg styleopacity: 0.3; height: 100%; border-radius: 10px;>/div> div classcomments_box>div classcomments_box_inner> !-- comments list starts here --> div classcomments_list>div classcomment id3074579> div classtop_border>/div> h4> span classcomment_author_reply> span classcomment_author>Boyt12/span> /span> span classcomment_date>20.10.2015 21:35/span> /h4> p>Handige website voor als je iets wil weten over tijd/p> /div>/div> !-- comments list ends here --> div classcomment_item_original> div classcomment> div classtop_border>/div> div classcomment_reply_icon>/div> h4> span classcomment_author_reply> span classcomment_author>/span> span classreply_comment> | a hrefuserpages/pages/controls/# id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmReplyButton classreply_button>Antwoord/a>/span> /span> span classcomment_date>/span> /h4> p>/p> div classcomment_replies_list>/div> /div> /div> /div>/div> /div> /div>/div>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:htmPostUrl typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmPostUrl classpost_url value/userPages/pages/PageCommentsCallback.aspx>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:htmPageId typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmPageId classpage_id value164289120>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:htmPageItemId typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmPageItemId classpage_item_id value-1>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:htmCommentsShape typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmCommentsShape classcomments_shape valueRound>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:hidCbFailMessage typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_hidCbFailMessage classcallbackfailure valueHelaas is er een technische fout ontstaan. Probeer het later nog eens.>!-- comments box end --> /div> /td> td valigntop bgcolorwhite width1>/td> td valigntop bgcolor#cccccc width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans_1.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> !-- Skin: userskin --> /tr> /table> /td> td aligncenter valigntop height100% width169> div classlatest_comments_container> div idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_htmStyling classlatest_style_squared> div idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_htmColoring stylebackground-color: #c0bfbf classlatest_comments darkbg> h4 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_htmHeadline classlatest_comment_header>Nieuwe reacties/h4> div classcomment_header_divider>/div> div classcomments>div classcomment> h5 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmDateHead>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>20.10 | 21:35/font>/h5> div classcomment_body styleheight: auto; overflow: visible;> p idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmCommentBody>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>Handige website voor als je iets wil weten over tijd/font>/p> /div> /div>div classcomment_divider>/div>div classcomment> h5 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmDateHead>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>10.10 | 21:20/font>/h5> div classcomment_body styleheight: auto; overflow: visible;> p idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmCommentBody>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>Uw essay heb ik met veel interesse gelezen.Uit uw gedachten goed komt u voor mij naar voren als een pan-en-theist.Invloed Eckhart Tolle? Vriendelijke groet/font>/p> /div> /div>div classcomment_divider>/div>div classcomment> h5 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmDateHead>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>20.10 | 21:35/font>/h5> div classcomment_body styleheight: auto; overflow: visible;> p idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmCommentBody>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>Handige website voor als je iets wil weten over tijd/font>/p> /div> /div>div classcomment_divider>/div>div classcomment> h5 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmDateHead>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>10.10 | 21:20/font>/h5> div classcomment_body styleheight: auto; overflow: visible;> p idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmCommentBody>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>Uw essay heb ik met veel interesse gelezen.Uit uw gedachten goed komt u voor mij naar voren als een pan-en-theist.Invloed Eckhart Tolle? Vriendelijke groet/font>/p> /div> /div>div classcomment_divider>/div>/div> /div> /div> /div> input typehidden classread_more_text valueLees meer> /td> /tr> /table> /td> /tr> /table> /div> div classbannerPosition idbannerPos> table width169 height100% border0 cellspacing0 cellpadding0> tr> td aligncenter valigntop> /td> /tr> /table> /div> /div> div classaspNetHidden> input typehidden name__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR id__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR valueA78E5B41> input typehidden name__EVENTVALIDATION id__EVENTVALIDATION value/wEdAA9rSbPAF2BvE69X62XaPcNXuTZ6M2m6SIhEaHl8qkc1sHfW/2ukCQrwZ0KXpRcp5DtmwpgNbl5zG9gi/z6ZS3sdhnrNxVEbmnzKx0FzF0NTAgLK22xb9pXGLhXBPgd/IbdG8nJewennWWT0Xy1G07llUORedbdiePlzt5PncZoQPilppQcGS09t1cYIurt6JUH6KGU7mjmCG0iVKM71Aa128sScyff6ixx4pIxNhAlpqb3zd5cb6pF11aWm5BqAdPs9lOuE0LOv7BgBBktHKpqsmP8OI9UvfpI9RPpXRlIPsQfuow93iCkThd4NHwyD6HR8zskxPyLF9dxv7dUAxNJN0xSYAA>/div>/form> /body>/html>
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on time and space Contours of reality TIME“What is time exactly?If you do not ask me what time is, I know;if you ask me, I do not know.”Aurelius Augustinus (354 - 430) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTIONTIMESPACESPACE-TIMESIZE OF SPACE-TIMENOWCONSCIOUSN... propertyog:description>meta contentimages/i281756464648059621._szw1280h1280__1.jpg propertyog:image:url> meta namedescription contentThoughts on time and space Contours of reality TIME“What is time exactly?If you do not ask me what time is, I know;if you ask me, I do not know.”Aurelius Augustinus (354 - 430) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTIONTIMESPACESPACE-TIMESIZE OF SPACE-TIMENOWCONSCIOUSN...> link relstylesheet typetext/css mediaall hrefcss/global.css>link relstylesheet typetext/css mediaall hrefCssForwarder_1.css>!--if lt IE 7>link relstylesheet typetext/css mediaall href/userpages/pages/CssForwarder.css?locationroot&stylestdButton_ie6.css&version1.1.0 />!endif-->link relstylesheet typetext/css mediaall hrefCssForwarder_3.css>link 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div idwrapper classwrapper fullHeight> div classcenterPage fullHeight> table idcenterTable border0 cellspacing0 cellpadding0 height100%> tr> td classfullHeight valigntop> table width939 height100% border0 cellspacing0 cellpadding0> tr> td idcenterTableContentCell classfullHeight valigntop> table idcenterTableContentTable width770 border0 bgcolorwhite cellspacing0 cellpadding0 height100%> tr> td valigntop bgcolor#cccccc width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> td valigntop bgcolorwhite width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> td classnoprint valigntop bgcolorc0bfbf width169>div classmenuPlace user_menu_container user_menu_lightbg> div idmenutop> div classmenuTxt oneLineSpace>span idmenu1_lbTitle>/span>/div>/div> ul> li classmenu_first_item menu_selected_opened_item>div classmenuitem_frontpage>a classopened href164289120.html>span classtext_holder>span>TIME AND SPACE/span>/span>/a>/div> ul> li classsubmenu_first_item>div classmenuitem_standardpage>a class href164289121.html>span classtext_holder>span>EPILOGUE/span>/span>/a>/div>/li>li classsubmenu_last_item>div classmenuitem_guestbook>a class href164289123.html>span classtext_holder>span>guestbook/span>/span>/a>/div>/li> /ul> /li> li classmenu_last_item>div classmenuitem_standardpage>a classclosed href164289124.html>span classtext_holder>span>The BIG BANG/span>/span>/a>/div> /li> /ul> table> tr alignleft> td alignleft> style> .imgbottombanner { display: block; height: 49px; width: 149px; background-image: url(images/nl-NL_logo-banner-light.png); } /style> /td> /tr> /table> /div>/td> td valigntop bgcolor#cccccc width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans_1.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> td valigntop bgcolorwhite width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans_1.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> td valigntop classtmpMain user_content user_content_lightbg > div classtmpMainBox> div classuser_top> div classdiv_outer> div classdiv_middle> h1 classdiv_inner user_title> Thoughts on Time and Space /h1> /div> /div> div classuser_top_bg>/div> div classuser_top_image>/div> /div> div classsectionsList> div classsectionContainer> div classtextSectionContent clearfix> div id_ctl0_autoName_2_sectionsList__ctl0_textSection_htmPhotoImage classtextImage largeImageTopRight> img width270 height360 classcmppicture data-bigimageimages/i281756464648059621._szw1280h1280_.jpg srcimages/i281756464648059621._szw270h3500_.jpg> span>/span> /div>p>strong>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>Thoughts /span>/span>/span>/span>/strong>strong>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>on time /span>/span>/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>and space/span>/span>/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 18px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Contours of reality/span>/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>TIME/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>“What is time exactly?/span>/em>/p> p>em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If you do not ask me what time is, I know;/span>/em>/p> p>em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>if you ask me, I do not know.”/span>/em>/p> p aligncenter>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Aurelius Augustinus (354 - 430)/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>TABLE OF CONTENTS/span>/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>INTRODUCTION/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>TIME/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>SPACE/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>SPACE-TIME/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>SIZE OF SPACE-TIME/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>NOW/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>CONSCIOUSNESS/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>REALITY/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>IN CONCLUSION/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>ADDENDUM/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>INTRODUCTION/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Thoughts on time and space: in the process of this study, you will notice that there is an immeasurable stratification in the meaning of these words./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I think you will also experience the dizzying dimension of time and space. And the curious fact that essentially time and space are becoming closer./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Right from the start, I would like to invite you to think with me and particularly to challenge me if you have another opinion. As it is a written document, the latter is difficult to execute literally. However, if at a certain point you think ‘this is rubbish’ then please stop reading, because I want you to think about it and also to make choices. Only continue reading if you are in agreement with my reasoning or if you are prepared to consider my thoughts on that point. You decide when this essay has finished. The essay does not have any definite ending./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>TIME/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Does time go in fits and starts?/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Before I exchange ideas with you about the fantastic panoramic view of time and space, I want to ask you the question as to whether time could go in fits and starts. Is this nonsense or is worth considering?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Much of what we observe in nature or in the development of plant, animal and humans seems, on reflection, to proceed in fits and starts. Rhythmical development in natural processes seems to be the rule rather than the exception. On a very small scale, energy is also released in little bits. Could this also apply to time? Is it possible that time on a small scale also proceeds discontinuously?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Although this doesn’t directly contribute to answering the question, it is good to realise that in our most usual way of observing the time, “telling the time”, the hands of the clock indicate the passage of time with imperceptible small jolts. With a large station clock, you can actually see this happening./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Be that as it may, it is important that if we are entertaining such a strange idea of jolts in time that we should first consider whether or not this idea will lead to absurdity. Can you envisage a discontinuity, isn’t it in conflict with our fundamental idea of time? The first hurdle we have to overcome in this thought process is to create an image of such a moment. How can we present a concept of discontinuous time?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Fantasising about this, an interruption in time that you experience should give a sensation of a moment of interrupted consciousness, a moment of amnesia within which, without noticing, you switch from one place and position to another. This is a sensation, moreover, that gains visual and emotional shape in the dream. In the dream, you are in another place. What is typical in the dream is not only the fact that the continuity is interrupted, but also the total transformation of your situation. You are transferred from one world to another. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Before I ask you what your opinion about this is, I’d like to say more about time and space. This may perhaps influence your opinion. I’m going to ask you to sit up straight in your chair and not lean backwards. I’m also bolt upright in my chair./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>What is time?/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It’s a difficult job defining time. Time is not connected to the senses. You can see through the agency of your eyes. You can hear through the agency of your ears. You can feel through the agency of your sense of touch. You can taste through the agency of your taste buds. You can smell by means of your olfactory organs. With these senses you perceive the world around you. They give you information about the location, taste, smell, form, dimension and movement of an object./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Conversely, you have no direct perception of time. Time is linked to one or more of these sensory perceptions. To some extent, it derived from them. I think that time could be a human concept which, in our attempt to penetrate nature and reality, we may have invented. Time might be a figment of our imagination./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Development of awareness of time/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the uterus, the foetus is more or less deprived of sensory stimulus. He cannot see, his hearing is restricted to hearing his mother’s heart beating and perhaps some background noise produced in the mother’s immediate environment, such as talking and singing. At an earlier stage of his development, when the senses are not completely developed, these stimuli are also absent. In this stage of development the foetus must also lack any perception of time. That is because he lacks the instruments needed to develop this. Later in the pregnancy, a certain rhythm develops in foetal movements. Patterns of respiration come into being; there is also a certain rhythm in foetal movements./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Once he is born, he will experience certain rhythms in his environment, such as the night/day rhythm. He will also be confronted with perceptions from his body which occur periodically, such as the feeling of hunger. A more significant aspect in the development of perception of time occurs when he starts to move. The baby begins to turn, he starts to crawl and he learns to walk. This demands tremendous effort. He has to keep his balance and avoid falling over after two steps./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>His motor development during the first two years of life, during which he becomes competent in covering distances on his own, also has an influence on his mental development. Increasingly, he will realise that moving his body from one place to another is a tiring and demanding activity. He also observes that other people and animals in his environment are also moving about. All these impressions are stored in his memory. This leads gradually to an awareness of time. It will probably not occur earlier than in the second year of life./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Does time exist beyond us?/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Is it possible that outside our personal experience time also leads an independent life? Can time also be defined, separate from our own existence, as a reality with particular properties that occurs in nature? Is nature aware of time or does nature make use of time – i.e. does nature anticipate time?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Does time exist outside us? Our thought processes need time to get a grip on the world. Time is the adhesive which enables us to shape our thoughts over everything we observe. A world without time is unthinkable for us, and by that I mean that we are bound to the concept of time to such an extent that it is not possible to imagine a world without time. In our daily life, we use time primarily as a concept of distance – a distance measured not in meters but in units of time. It measures a distance to the past or a distance to the future./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It seems reasonable to me to raise the question of whether there is also time outside our consciousness. Do animals have a sense of time as we do? Do plants have some sort of consciousness of time? Does a stone have any connection with time? Are molecules and atoms in some way related to time? Do photons (particle s of light) and electrons have any connection with time?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>As far as animals are concerned, it does seem that they have a form of time awareness. Many animals have a winter and a summer rhythm, which they anticipate. In the attack behaviour of predators, the awareness of time seems to play a decisive role./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Is there any way we can examine these questions? It can only be done indirectly, as we need to carefully exclude ourselves, although we are the ones who have raised the question and who want to do the research. We should therefore approach nature in a simple manner and make our observations and interpret them without any time dimension. Thinking without time dimension also excludes movement, because time is necessary for movement/span>a hrefservice-login_1.html#_ftn1>span stylefont-size: 14px;>1/span>/a>span stylefont-size: 14px;>./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>But we too can only experience time indirectly. If I run twice as quickly as usual up the stairs to the front door of my apartment on the first floor and for that reason arrive out of breath, then my fast respiration and the fast beating of my heart form an indirect experience of time. The space, the person and the action are the same, only the speed of the action is different. The effect is caused by performing the same action in less time. It means that aside from our senses and memory we can still experience time through physical phenomena./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>To that extent time seems to be more than a fabrication./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Mathematics/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Mathematics is a science that examines connections in a logical manner excluding time and space. Mathematics is based on formulae that indicate these connections./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>A simple example:/span>/p> p styletext-align: center;> /p> p styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>strong>A + B C/strong>/span>/span>/p> p> /p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The formula suggests that the transformation of A and B into C is instantaneous, requires no energy and takes no time. Likewise, the formula suggests that A and B have no spatial connection./span>/span>/span>/span>/span>/p> p styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the formula time has been eliminated. The symbol () has no connection with time and although A and B are independent units, they have no relationship with time. In nature, time and space have a role in every event. There () cannot be momentary and A and B have a definite spatial dimension there./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>However, mathematics does not profess to explain nature. In that respect it is an auxiliary science./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>On the other hand, mathematics is the language of reality. It skirts the problem of language that some things cannot be expressed and others can lead to multiple meanings. Language brushes against reality while mathematics jumps right into it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>SPACE/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Experiencing space/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>You can only experience time indirectly. Experiencing space, however, is different. This is a sensory experience and a more direct experience. You see space, at least if there are objects in it and in our world we always see objects, we do not have pure space. It is almost impossible to imagine pure space. There will always be objects in space on which we focus./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Space without objects in it is for us an imagined space. We won’t be able to form any image of it. This space imagined purely by us without any objects in it has four dimensions. There is no way in which you could reduce it. The space without objects has no limitations, not in time and not in place. It stretches from front to back, from above to below, from left to right and from the past to what is to come. Pure space is four-dimensional, time is included in it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In our everyday life, we call space air and because this is associated with objects a link with time and space comes into being and we experience it as three-dimensional./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our visual faculties, senses of hearing and taste enable us to have a direct experience of space. It is a restricted space, space that is limited on all sides: a limited, three-dimensional space. This space may well be immense. When you are on the beach and look out to sea, you can experience space as colossal. But limited in size: to your right and your left by the shoreline, above by the vault of the sky and behind by the dunes and in front by the sea and the horizon, the periphery of the firmament. If you stand at the same place on a clear night, the size of space is much greater, as you now have the star-spangled sky above you with the Milky Way, separated from you by millions of light years. The size of the space can therefore vary and is dependent on the hour of the day and on the place at which you are standing. Our experience of space is personal. When you are dreaming, you have a different experience of space from your partner who is lying next to you. Everyone has a different experience of space, even when sitting in the same room. In a concert hall, those sitting in the front rows experience space differently from those sitting in balcony seats./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If our experience of space with everything in it is moving in relation to the space around it we don’t notice it. For example, we don’t notice the rotation of the earth in our daily life. Nor do we notice that we are going up in a slowly moving lift after the initial jolt when it starts moving./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>With a little fantasy we can extend our experience of space. Thus, we can picture the valley on the other side of the mountain. We can even visualise the total space of the universe./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The image of our space experience gains shape by means of the objects in it An example is the above description of space when standing on the beach. If we shut our eyes to get an idea of what that space would be without matter we cannot get rid of the picture that we observed with open eyes. Without wishing to, we still see that beach, the water and the dunes instead of the empty space between them. We cannot manage to visualise the negative of the image. It is like a wooden puzzle for young children, where you have a board with hollowed- out shapes for a sheep, a cow, a horse, a chicken and a farmhouse. Once you’ve taken out the puzzle pieces from the board it becomes a piece of wood without images, it is a non-figure./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We can also extend our experience of space through instruments. We can look at space through a telescope, or by using infra-red rays. In that way, we can look deep into the universe. Then we are talking about cosmological space. Cosmological space is an enlargement of our experience of space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our experience of space is not empty. It is filled with all sorts of matter such as molecules of oxygen and nitrogen. Without these substances we couldn’t even manage to stay alive. Experience of space is a relative concept. What we experience as space will, for example, be different to what fish experience as space. A fish will experience the water as space and not the air as we do. To take this idea a step further, the space experience of X-rays will be broadened with all our intestines and muscles: the X-ray will only encounter our skeleton as not belonging to space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In a narrower sense, nearly everything is space. What we usually describe as matter is, microscopically seen, full of space. On the other hand, in practice, there is also matter present in what we call empty space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Whatever you think about space, it has a relationship with matter and you could see space as an extreme dilution of matter. Think of space as a web spun by matter./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Empty space/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What is “empty space”? How can we imagine it? Empty space is shapeless, with no colour, no smell and no weight. Empty space removes itself from our perception./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>But weren’t those also the properties of time? Aren’t time and space in their most profound form perhaps identical? How can we examine that further? Aren’t both a construct of our thinking and is the difference merely a difference in basic assumption. The basic principle of time is one coming after another, whereas the basic principle of space is one coming next to the other. Both are concerned with a position determining objects: a position in time and a position on the field. The two positions together determine the place of the object in reality./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>For experimental purposes, it is possible to create empty space. In a sealed room one can remove all matter from that room. Visually it makes no difference; visually this space cannot be distinguished from ordinary space. Yet processes within this space do react differently. Light moves with a greater speed in a vacuum than outside it. Sound will not be able to travel in it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>“Beyond” space/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>“Beyond” space is a filosophical space. It is the space that was there before the space which is there now. In cosmological terms, the space that was there before the Big Bang. There is also that space outside the existing space, or in other words, the space into which the universe expands./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>“Beyond” space is thus on the one hand the space on no side of time and on the other hand the space on no side of the space of the universe. “Beyond” space is the embodiment of nothingness as opposed to something/span>a hrefservice-login_1.html#_ftn2>span stylefont-size: 14px;>2/span>/a>span stylefont-size: 14px;>. Something, in this instance, refers to space as we experience it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I imagine that this is a moment for you to take a break. Have I gone too far in your opinion? Could you follow the reasoning, and more to the point, do you share the conclusion that the reasoning has brought us to a crossroads of illusion and reality? “Beyond” space will, whatever advances are made in science, always remain outside our field of vision./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Nevertheless, considered logically, there should be something preceding every happening. For that reason at least, it is necessary to question the nature of that “previously”. Thus by contemplating space we caught sight of “beyond” space and placed it on the edge of the universe. Nothingness on the edge of something./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>SPACE-TIME/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Time as a fourth dimension/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The fourth dimension is absent from our direct observation of space. The fourth dimension is added to our three-dimensional space to indicate that our space is also shaped by time. This is concealed from us as it were, just as the other side of the moon is concealed from us. We have a view of three dimensions and the fourth is concealed behind that trio, but does show its shadow./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Because space with objects permeates our entire visual image, we cannot add time to it. We can only do that if we visualise space as two-dimensional, as a result of which time can be depicted graphically or if we mentally shut off a compartment of space. An example would be a toy horse on wheels that a child pulls along with a string. The horse would represent space, the child that is pulling the horse, would be time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The fourth dimension is invisible but not unreal and leaves a shadow. Time gives itself away through this shadow. Take a burning candle: a minimal change of space becomes visible as the candle burns down. Both the ticking of a clock and the decreasing length of the candle depict time in space. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>There is a trick to make space visible in a two-dimensional depiction of space. Take a photograph with a long exposure time. Things which move during the exposure are blurred or distorted. Imagine a photograph of a Friesian ‘staartklok’ (long-case clock): with a long exposure time the movement of the pendulum will be represented as a grey triangle. Or a street that you photograph at night-time with a long exposure time, the back lights of a series of moving cars will be seen on the photograph as red stripes. These are ways of making a visual record of time in space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>You realise that the time you visualised is linked to objects, objects that change and move. If you were to photograph space, without objects, then time, even with a long exposure, cannot be captured. The representation of time in space is dependent on matter and movement. Matter in movement makes time and space merge, it creates “space-time”/span>a hrefservice-login_1.html#_ftn3>span stylefont-size: 14px;>3/span>/a>span stylefont-size: 14px;>./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If you stand at the sea you can observe space-time. I’ll show you./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Space-time concept/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Empty space we came to the conclusion that this also applied to empty space. We even wondered whether time and empty space You can have a direct experience of space-time if you look out to sea from the shore line. You see the foam-crested waves rising, then toppling over and then the growth of a new wave that also crests foamily and topples. It is an endless happening. If you stand there looking at this for a few minutes you will see space-time with your own eyes. The sea with its waves is space. The movement of this ‘wave landscape’ is time. It is a visual experience. You realise that you are observing space-time. What was previously a concept, a mental model, becomes visible, and is an active component of nature. It comes to life, becomes reality. Time continually penetrates space, time merges with it, space becomes ‘space-time’./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Now, in fact, it doesn’t make any difference ,whether the sea is as smooth as a millpond and looks like an unmoving landscape, because you have seen time in it. What is so special about this observation of the surging sea? It is that you see time while memory is excluded. When you are looking at the waves of the sea you have no memory of the moment before nor do you have any anticipation of the moment afterwards. The play of the waves is too capricious for that. This is exceptional as memory is nearly always involved with an event in time. Just think about it. When you are aware of time it is nearly always because you remember what happened previously or you have expectations of what is going to happen./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>With an experiment at the shoreline you can also discover, but this is more complex, that space-time is not endless but has a limited format. At that place, you can actually experience another space-time, by doing the following./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Put down your watch between yourself and the shoreline so that the water doesn’t reach it. Once again, take the time to look at the waves for a few minutes, glancing regularly at your watch. This glimpse at your watch directs your thoughts to the constantly moving cogs within the watch casing. To your astonishment you will then discover that looking at your watch and the sea simultaneously is a confusing experience. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The reason for this is that the time part of the space-time of the sea is different from the time part of the space-time of your watch. It is confusing because of the fact that you are looking at two space-times simultaneously. If there is also a sea gull flying over the water there is even a third simultaneous space-time in one field of vision. The simultaneously observed space-times may be linked to one another, for example by a boat sailing over the waves. Then the space-time of the sea and that of the boat are both visible. A sea gull that picks up a fish from the water is again a new simultaneous space-time. The space-times also move in relation to one another and the format of the space-times varies, as shown in the examples above. What we also observe is that the time of space-time is not universal. Each space-time contains its own characteristic of time within it. The time aspect of one space-time is not equivalent to the time aspect of another space-time. The time of the swelling sea is not the same as the time of the ticking watch, which is again different from that of a sea gull flying above./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Yet there is a hiatus in our reasoning about space-time. What happens with space-time if instead of standing still you move? Let’s go back to the beach, our usual observation place. Our first observations were on the basis of standing still at the shoreline and looking at the waves and we learnt that in this way we had discovered time as a component of space-time. What happens when instead of standing still, we ourselves, just like the waves are moving?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>For a start, I suggest that we take a small sloop and climb in once we are over the breakers. Now we ourselves are moving through the movements of the sloop. If we look about, we can again see the movement of the waves around us. Compared with the view we saw standing on the beach, the waves are now more turbulent. As we are now rocking in the boat with the waves, the movement has changed character. If, from the beach, they were forward-moving waves, we have the impression now that they are going up and down. Thus the nature of the spectacle changes somewhat, but also from the position in the boat you can see space-time. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Now imagine that you are moving much more quickly on the water, for example in a speedboat, what is the view of space-time then? You will see space-time but even more than in the previous situation and you will realise that it is your own movement that is in the foreground./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What is special about these experiments is that with your senses you can see, can hear, can smell and feel space-time and you can also observe the limits in size of a particular space-time. Space-time is no longer a construct of thought, but a visual observation. It is no longer a mental concept but it is something we can observe or reveal with an experiment./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Looking at different space-times’/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px; data-mce-mark1> /span>span stylefont-size: 14px; data-mce-mark1> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>The sea swell/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our observation place is on the beach by the sea. The swell of the sea is the time aspect of space-time. There is little regularity; one wave can be higher than another. The distance between the waves is also varied. The moment at which they crest and topple over with white foam has a certain rhythm but is completely irregular and unpredictable. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The sea, with the beach and the air is a relatively large space-time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>The clock/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The space-time of the clock, compared with that of the sea, is much smaller. The clock is a coherent entity of cogs, which either through the energy of the mainspring or the energy of the weights are constantly pushed forward. The construction is such that a maximal regularity is achieved. The hands of the clock move forward with little jolts. You can actually see this with a large dial, for example the dial of a station clock or a church clock./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Lightening/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>There is hardly a finer example to be found in nature of a happening in fits and starts than this. Lightening is a tremendous jolt. Moreover, it branches out and the branches also cause jolts./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Brownian motion/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Here too, the jolting is conspicuous. The particles, suspended in fluid, move in an unpredictable, random manner./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Thus, many movements in nature display unpredictable, random behaviour or a certain rhythmicity. Irregularity, jolting or rhythmicity in movement patterns is the rule in nature. Regularity and a smooth course are the exceptions: a javelin that is thrown displays a smooth movement, just as a rocket launched into the ether./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p> /p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Indications of time/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Previously and later/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In order to explain this, I am going back to the beach and looking at the waves. Previously is what happened earlier. Because of the random course of the wave, it is not possible to build up any memory of what the pattern of waves was minutes before. There is a continuous irregular motion of the surface of the sea and we can only see the pattern as it is now. The same applies to the sea and the waves at a later moment. Previously and later, for that reason, do not add anything, the observation of the moment is all there is./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This is not so for the watch, the memory can establish where the hands were at an earlier moment, but sooner or later contribute nothing if the ticking time piece has no hands./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The phrase “previously” represents a connection with our memory, for example the earlier position of the hands of a clock. With “previously”, we conceive a virtual space-time with our memory, into which space we place memories. It is a remembered space without actual dimensions. “Later”, i.e. the future, is usually blank./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>However, when movement in space-time is regular, there is both a definite earlier and a definite later, issuing from a certain moment. A goalkeeper sees where a ball is going and takes measures to stop it. A fly nearly always manages to evade being hit. And there are many such incidences of successfully anticipating what is coming./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>THE SIZE OF SPACE TIME/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Limited size/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In this discussion, it is important that you understand that we introduced space-time as a conceptual space. Nevertheless, it transpires that we can experience space-time, even in a direct manner, when moving matter is present in that space. We experience space-time, moreover, as a space of limited size. In fact, this idea is the same as what we posited with the experience of space. Here too, we experience limits of size. The world consists of a ragbag of many space-times all limited in size/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>How can space-time be limited in dimension and what constitutes these limits?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>A comparison I made earlier is space in which there is no clear barrier, but a space that finds its limits, for example at the end of a light shaft as the lighting takes place from a particular point. Such a limit of size is relative, there is no material limitation: if we were to make the light stronger, the size of the space would become greater./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If the space-time is not unlimited, it has a role in the dynamics of happenings occurring in that space; the outcome of everything that takes place in space-times’ will to a large extent be determined by the sizes of the space-times. Compare that for example with the passage of a bobsleigh on a bobsleigh track. Here, there are two space-times: the space-time of the sleigh and the space-time of the circuit. The influence of the size of the space is even more explicit when the field is not fixed, but changes all the time, such as in computer games, in which the player has to cope with changing situations as the game continues./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>One problem of space-time, if we consider it as existing components of size, is establishing what determines its size./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>With the sea, it is difficult to define the components of size, with a timepiece it is easier, the size coincides with the size of the timepiece./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The space-time size of a gull that skims over the water also corresponds with its exterior, but the space-time of a flight of geese is defined by the entire flight rather than by one flying goose./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>A problem of space-time is how do we measure the size? And what separates simultaneously occurring space-times then? Could it be just our perception?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We already discovered in our experiments by the sea that we could observe space-time by looking at the waves. It was also there that we traced simultaneous space-times. From this, we concluded that there was not one endless space-time in the universe. We also argued that space-times in the past or in the future are without size. Only in the present do they have a size. The size comes into being through the simultaneous presence of other space-times experienced by us. A space-time in the past is a remembered space-time or a space-time set on paper or on film and has no simultaneous space-time. This is also the case for a space-time in the future that we imagine or predict. Space-times outside the space-time that we are actually experiencing have become, as it were, one-dimensional. They are space-times that we re-build and shape from our memory. For this reason they are no longer real pictures, they have no spatial dimension, they are translations from our memory. A simultaneous happening can only be translated by our memory as before or after./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Look again at the beach and the waves; that is a visual space-time. There are also other visual space-times that you can simultaneously experience by the sea./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Merging and breaking free from simultaneous space-times/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the present, space-times are in constant motion. Different simultaneous space-times can merge and from one space-time several space-times can come into being./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If you stand on the beach by the sea and consider the space-time from the waves at the shoreline and there is a shower then there is a melting of the space-time of the falling raindrops with the sea. Similarly, it is the case if a dog runs for a ball thrown by its owner and takes it in its mouth. Thus conversely, space-times can break loose from other space-times, such as bubbles from a bubble pipe, rain from a cloud, the javelin from the hand of a javelin-thrower, the apple that falls from a tree and people getting off a train./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Ourselves as space-time/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>My space-time is different from yours. In addition to the many personal differences that we have, such as a different hair colour, a different build, a different character and different talents, we are also different space-times. In contrast to our hair colour, our character and our talents, our space-times can merge, for example, when we shake hands and more abstractly, sing a song or march in a demonstration./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What does it mean to be a space-time oneself?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our own space-time is in constant motion, because we are walking, because we see and hear, because we are thinking./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>You and I each have our own space-time. In contrast to our own self, to our character, to our talents, our space-time is not material, not tangible, not breakable and cannot be created. And just like the space-time we observe when looking out to sea, our space-time loses its limitations both towards the past and towards the future. In other words, in contrast to our physical presence, your space-time and mine have no caesura, such as looking back to the caesura of our birth or looking forward to the caesura of our death./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Identical space-times/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Space-times can correspond with one another. The time aspect of one space-time can be the same as another space-time. For example, this is the case with a clock. The space aspect of clocks can vary considerably but they share the same time aspect./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In space-times with an identical time aspect, these time aspects can be quantified. To this end, we make use of the way in which we organise our society. Thus, it is possible to achieve a time observation. In so doing, it is essential that we agree a joint reference. In this case, Greenwich Mean Time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Time observation/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We chose the clock for this purpose, because the time aspect of the space-time of the clock can be made identical to that of other timepieces. That is a question of agreement; we are going to measure the time with clocks, timepieces and watches, whereby we will install the mechanisms in such a way that the hands move round the circle in the same time. We can install the mechanism of timepieces in such a way that the hands have the same speed of rotation all over the world./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>That makes it possible to quantify the speed of movements of objects according to a particular norm./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It is a choice that we make out of the many times around us. We could also have chosen as a unit the time between sunrise and sunset, for example. That too is not a chaotic time pattern. The only thing is it is difficult to use this time in places with a different geographical setting, as the time between sunrise and sunset differs per geographical location and per season. We have chosen one particular form of time out of an innumerable number of possibilities. We use this form of time everywhere and exclusively this one, but there is actually nothing unique in it. The choice is pragmatic./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Back to time/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It seems as if we could manage without time and just focus exclusively on space-times. In other words, that we could forget the particular concept of “time” because that construction has served its purpose, since it helped us to discover “space-time”. This is like not needing the baking tin once the cake has been baked. But as you saw, we need to use the man- made time-aspect of the clock to do our work and to arrange meeting points. We need in this case to compare the time-aspect of time-spaces/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>So time and space-time are different. Time allied to space comes to life. It arose from the concept and becomes a phenomenon in nature that you observe as movement and as energy. Time without space is an intellectual concept. Together they bring us to NOW./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>An abstraction, which fits in neatly here is Einstein’s famous formula, because there too time has a double function./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p aligncenter>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 30px;>E mc^2/span>/span>/strong>/p> p aligncenter>strong>em>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/em>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This formula can also be read as a formula that displays the dynamics of space-time. Here, time is also displayed in two manners, in “E” (energy, movement) as the space-time, while the “” sign displays an analogue of the simultaneous occurrence of space-times. /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 18px;>Our thinking about time and space up till now/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I have emphasised a number of times that our consciousness of time could be a construction of our thought processes because we have no direct sensory perception of time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Reflecting on em weren’t different aspects of the same phenomenon./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>These aspects did not apply to space-time as we can directly observe space-times. Think of the experiment at the sea shore. Space-time is objective, we can see that. All the same, without any profound abstraction we can experience that space-times have a limited size. However, the extension of the size is neither absolute nor material, but it is related to our “perception”. One condition for the existence of space-time is that there are objects in those spaces. We cannot speak of space-time without a material component./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The basic elements in our thinking about the world and everything around it refer to energy (movement), space, time and matter. With these four we can describe the entire universe and its origin. This is not so far removed from the opinion of the Ancient Greeks. They considered the world around them to be constructed from four basic elements: air, earth, fire and water./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Now, I have reached a point at which I want to ask your opinion about the above, for we have now reached a crucial point in this essay. At first, we came to the conclusion that all space is space-time. Furthermore we concluded from our experiments at the sea shore that multiple space-times were involved and not just one all embracing space-time. Secondly there is no universal time in space-time but every space-time has its own time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the introduction, I asked you to sit up straight in your chair because of the points made above. If you’ve slumped somewhat then I would ask you to read this bit again for this what it’s all about./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In the idea we developed about time and space there is a hiatus and that’s what I want to talk to you about. Via time we came to space-time and we established that we could observe space-time. We even went a step further by noting that that the time in the space-time is no longer a half-baked idea but reality. By means of the waves you can see time. In space-time, time comes to life./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What we haven’t done is establish that our presence here is essential. Standing at the shore line looking at the waves allows us to see space-time. But what happens if that observation isn’t there? Then you have the sea and there are waves and there is the beach, but where is space-time? For that you or I must be there. Objectively, there is material (the sea, the beach), there is movement (the waves) and there is space. You are needed for the introduction of space-time. Without your conscious observation of the sea there is no space-time. A doll on the beach doesn’t create space-time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Another hiatus is the consideration of the role of time in relation to our presence, particularly our relation to NOW./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>NOW/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The question is what is the length of time of NOW and is the duration of NOW the same in all circumstances? For example, does the duration of NOW change when you move? But before we can ask the question about the duration of NOW we first have to establish what NOW is./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What is NOW? Is NOW something that we observe by means of our senses or are we the ones who bring NOW to life, or in other words, is NOW conceived by us and is there no NOW outside our consciousness?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I suggest depicting NOW as follows: NOW is the state of reality experienced by us. This is typified by the appearance of simultaneous events. In more expressive language, NOW is the dimension of the terrain existing for us./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The key question is what does NOW mean in relation to reality. In a certain sense, we can become aware of NOW, just as with space, with material or with movement. Not directly by looking or listening or feeling, but through the recognition that at the moment of NOW there are always multiple space-times, each with its own movement aspect./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Because it takes place before our eyes, it has become more than a fabrication; just like space-time it turns out to be an ingredient of reality./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This has led our thinking to a new perspective. NOW is the situation in which we experience simultaneous occurring space-times. It is also an answer to the question of what is actually time in this sense. Time is the experience of the NOW. Time has thereby ceased being a mere construction of our thought processes. It comes to us from outside, just as space-time, movement and material./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What we now have to consider is whether we can find out something about the duration of NOW. Does NOW have the same duration under any circumstances and what happens to NOW when you are in rapid motion?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>There is no way of timing it. If we tried to time the duration of NOW with a stopwatch, we would be disappointed. Under these circumstances, NOW would behave like an infinite moment. You would not be able to press the stopwatch at any particular moment. NOW is here, you cannot leave it behind you, nor can you stand in front of it. The reason for this is that we are an inherent part of NOW. We cannot free ourselves from it, NOW traipses along with us. And it doesn’t make any difference if we move or not. We have no point of reference for NOW. For that reason, there is no NOW in the past, or in the future. NOW links all of us together in the universe./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I think you will probably object, asking how that is possible, because we have just arrived at the insight that NOW belongs to reality. Then it seems logical that that we can also observe this NOW and make statements about it, for example about how long NOW lasts./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Is there any solution to this dilemma? NOW is the experience of a situation in which things are present at the same time. If we want to say something about the duration of that situation, then we have to indicate when the situation of simultaneous events changes into a situation in which that is no longer the case. However, that is something we cannot observe. Things that are not occurring simultaneously cannot be based on observation. Asynchronicity is not an experience. The conclusion is: NOW exists, just like material, space-time and movement./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We can say that NOW is a peculiar part of reality; it is immeasurable, invisible, inaudible and you cannot feel it. However, in a strange way it fits into the series: material, movement and space-time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>For NOW there is no beforehand and no afterwards. Past and future both retreat from our observation. Our memory enables us to remember events and we can fantasise over events that are not established in our memory, but the events have no direct relationship with reality, because for reality NOW is essential. NOW is like an observation point from which we can observe reality./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>CONSCIOUSNESS/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>In our thoughts about time and space, we added space-times as the theatre in which we live and synchronicity as the delineation between space-times. We are constantly making delineations of the space-times. They are dependent on our existence and they take place through our consciousness. They are now and not earlier and also not later. NOW comes through our consciousness. With consciousness we experience NOW. Conversely, you could say that NOW without consciousness does not exist. It is not just a case of human consciousness. Every consciousness, however primitive, creates a NOW. The origin of NOW is the moment a living being becomes aware of the world around him./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>NOW is thus conceived by us and by other living beings. Without us there is no NOW. Without us there is still a universe – for example think of the first 10 billion years after the big bang, in which there were no living beings on earth. It was a universe without meaning, but it did have a promise: the promise of the coming into being of a NOW. A NOW that came into being from the ingredients of the primordial soup./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It is strange that we cannot observe the universe as it is now, a part of it, our earth, the moon, the planets and the sun we can more or less observe in the situation in which they are now, but for the majority of the universe we observe the situation as it was. For the most distant solar systems we see the situation of more than ten billion years ago. So in terms of time, there is thus a distortion in our observations of the universe./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>If a cosmic catastrophe happened to take place in which for example a distant solar system came to grief, we would only be able to observe it millions of light years in the future. That would be a time in which we would no longer be able to observe it because life on earth might have been extinguished through exhaustion of solar energy./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The question is whether we should consider the distortion in the time of the universe not as NOW, because this is the only manner in which we can observe it. In this way we are permitted to glance at a NOW in the distant past. In the same manner a creature from a distant solar system (1.9 x 1016 km away from us) is now capable of observing details from our existence 2013 years ago, with its telescope, assuming that level of technology is available for that./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>REALITY/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>When thinking about time and space I sought refuge a number of times in that immense thought reservoir “reality”. I feel obliged to empty this reservoir for you as well as I can and to do that it is necessary to explain the concept as I used it./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Reality, to me means that which we can measure with our senses, making use of all possible measuring instruments to assist us and also that which we experience./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>By means of logical reasoning we can draw conclusions from that. The reality formed in this way stands or falls with the accuracy of the observations and the logic of the ensuing reasoning. Within reality there are an untold number of uncertainties. Reality changes through new observations, measurements and experiences and through thinking about it, and when we correct faults in observation or perception./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Reality also has a limitation; it is our reality, the reality of you and me and that too can change. Reality is not limited to existence, to the here and now; reality is related to everything we know, not just about the here and now, but to what has been and what will be./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It may be that reality for the ladybird, the swallow, for the inhabitant of another planet is different. These varying realities however, cannot be conflicting with one another, they must be in harmony, because we live in one universe, in which we, just as much as others are an intrinsic element./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Through our thinking we humans are directly involved in reality. We do not merely unravel the elements of reality. We are also involved in giving them shape. With everything that we are, we belong to reality and we influence it. We take part in what is happening. We are participants and not witnesses./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p> /p> p> /p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;>span stylefont-size: 24px;>IN CONCLUSION/span>/span>/strong>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>We have considered time and space. Does time move forward in jolts? Isn’t time a fabrication? After all, we can only experience time indirectly. We can see space, at least if there are objects in it. It is possible to see time, at the sea shore, when we look at the waves. Actually, it isn’t time we see, what we see is movement, but time is needed for movement. It was not time, but space-time that we saw. And at the same time we noticed other space-times, such as the ticking watch and the seagull flying overhead. Reality consists of multiple space-times. We wondered how they were separated from one another. We came to the conclusion that time was involved in the separation. And then we discussed the phenomenon of NOW, that could only exist as a result of our consciousness. We wondered whether what we had thought of represented reality. Do you think, it is possible to place time, space, space-times, NOW, reality and consciousness into one framework?/span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I would like to make a suggestion to you. Could all the elements named above be classified under the concept “happenings”? That is to say events in the sense of what is happening, what has happened and what is going to happen. You can then see our reflections about time and space as reflections about processes of happening. Reality in that case consists of an innumerable number of associated, intertwined and overlapping events. Nothing more and nothing less. Such as the big bang, the process of evolution, the swelling universe, the surging sea, the ticking watch, illness and also the chair in front of you, even the reading of this text, because these are all happenings./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Our thoughts, our emotions, our actions depend on surprise, but also on bewilderment at the nature, cause and consequences of all this./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This essay is a reaction to that. With our understanding we tried to analyse one aspect of the nature of happenings, i.e. the fact that a happening, whatever it may be, accommodates space and time./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>At this point, I’d like to round off our reflections on time and space. We have learned to recognise time and space as a dyad. Neither time nor space exist separately in the elements occurring in reality. Linked to objects, to material, together they form a “happening” and we can give them a place. It is not the pure reality that we perceive with our senses and our thoughts, but it is a representation, which bears its contours./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>“Do I have to sit up straight in my chair for this?” you wonder./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Don’t forget that I was also sitting bolt upright in my chair./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Cornelius de Groot (Septemer 2013)/span>/p> p>a hrefmailto:cj.degroot@chello.nl>span stylefont-size: 14px;>cj.degroot@chello.nl/span>/a>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p>a hrefservice-login.html#_ftnref>span stylefont-size: 14px;>1/span>/a> em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The British physicist, Julian Barbour, examined this more deeply. In his book “The end of time”, he gives a picture of what the world might be like without time and also without movement. His world consists of instantaneous exposures and each following moment is reached by a step into another world. Each step or change means transferring to another world. It is like a series of photographs that are almost on top of each other./span>/em>/p> p>a hrefservice-login.html#_ftnref>span stylefont-size: 14px;>2/span>/a> em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>This is in contradiction of Heidegger’s statement about why there is something and not nothing. There is certainly room within philosophy for nothingness. And nothingness is the alter ego of something./span>/em>/p> p>a hrefservice-login.html#_ftnref>span stylefont-size: 14px;>3/span>/a> em>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Minkowski, a mathematician and a teacher of Einstein, is the father of the space-time concept: time and space are one; the entity is not an evolution of time and space, but a fundamental concept. He developed a mathematical formula for the relationship between time and space, referred to as ‘space-time’ in the literature. /span>/em>/p> p>strong>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/strong>/p> /div> /div> div classsectionContainer> div classtextSectionContent clearfix> p> /p> p>span stylefont-size: 24px;>strong>ADDENDUM/strong>/span>/p> p> /p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>I started this essay Time and Space with the question if time could go in fits and starts. I want now to reflect on this question. Furthermore I will finish this essay./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>It is now 8 years later since I wrote the essay, yet there was not a single day in which I didnt have thought about it, wondering if I had really expressed my thoughts about time and space. And if the tool of thinking is not insufficient for our understanding of time and space./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>Concerning the question if time could be looked upon as a phenomenon which is characterized by the fact that it goes on in fits and starts, I think that could not really be so because time must have plasticity which it did not have./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>What is most essential to keep in mind is that time and space can not be separated from each other and are always expressed in relation with events.The origin of our Universe is such an event.If time and space already existed before the origin of the Universe then space and time would be situated in another area which could be named for instance a Parallel Universe.And even then remains the question where and when time and space were before that. And so on./span>/p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;>The conclusion that the existence of time and space is unending is inescapable.Logically time and space are unending entities,but this contradicts reasable thinking for every thing in nature must have a start and an ending.This means that time and space can never be fully understood by thinking and that means that REALITY can not be explored by thinking efforts of our brain only.Therefore we need to find other non-thinking pathways to come closer to that. br>/span>/p> p> /p> p>span stylefont-size: 14px;> /span>/p> p> /p> /div> /div> /div> !-- comments box -->div classuserpages_comments_default_divider>/div>a id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_lnkCommentAnchor namecomments>/a>div classuserpages_comments_container> div classlike_share_page> span classshare_link>a hrefuserpages/pages/controls/# id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmShareThisOn>Deel de site op Facebook/a>/span> div classclear_float>/div> /div>div id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_pnlCommentSection classcomment_box_container> div classcomments_box_outer> div classcomments_box_bg styleopacity: 0.3; height: 100%; border-radius: 10px;>/div> div classcomments_box>div classcomments_box_inner> !-- comments list starts here --> div classcomments_list>div classcomment id3074579> div classtop_border>/div> h4> span classcomment_author_reply> span classcomment_author>Boyt12/span> /span> span classcomment_date>20.10.2015 21:35/span> /h4> p>Handige website voor als je iets wil weten over tijd/p> /div>/div> !-- comments list ends here --> div classcomment_item_original> div classcomment> div classtop_border>/div> div classcomment_reply_icon>/div> h4> span classcomment_author_reply> span classcomment_author>/span> span classreply_comment> | a hrefuserpages/pages/controls/# id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmReplyButton classreply_button>Antwoord/a>/span> /span> span classcomment_date>/span> /h4> p>/p> div classcomment_replies_list>/div> /div> /div> /div>/div> /div> /div>/div>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:htmPostUrl typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmPostUrl classpost_url value/userPages/pages/PageCommentsCallback.aspx>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:htmPageId typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmPageId classpage_id value164289120>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:htmPageItemId typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmPageItemId classpage_item_id value-1>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:htmCommentsShape typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_htmCommentsShape classcomments_shape valueRound>input name_ctl0:pageCommentsBox:hidCbFailMessage typehidden id_ctl0_pageCommentsBox_hidCbFailMessage classcallbackfailure valueHelaas is er een technische fout ontstaan. Probeer het later nog eens.>!-- comments box end --> /div> /td> td valigntop bgcolorwhite width1>/td> td valigntop bgcolor#cccccc width1>img srcimages/1x1pix_trans_1.gif alt width1 height1 border0>/td> !-- Skin: userskin --> /tr> /table> /td> td aligncenter valigntop height100% width169> div classlatest_comments_container> div idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_htmStyling classlatest_style_squared> div idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_htmColoring stylebackground-color: #c0bfbf classlatest_comments darkbg> h4 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_htmHeadline classlatest_comment_header>Nieuwe reacties/h4> div classcomment_header_divider>/div> div classcomments>div classcomment> h5 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmDateHead>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>20.10 | 21:35/font>/h5> div classcomment_body styleheight: auto; overflow: visible;> p idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmCommentBody>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>Handige website voor als je iets wil weten over tijd/font>/p> /div> /div>div classcomment_divider>/div>div classcomment> h5 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmDateHead>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>10.10 | 21:20/font>/h5> div classcomment_body styleheight: auto; overflow: visible;> p idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmCommentBody>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>Uw essay heb ik met veel interesse gelezen.Uit uw gedachten goed komt u voor mij naar voren als een pan-en-theist.Invloed Eckhart Tolle? Vriendelijke groet/font>/p> /div> /div>div classcomment_divider>/div>div classcomment> h5 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmDateHead>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>20.10 | 21:35/font>/h5> div classcomment_body styleheight: auto; overflow: visible;> p idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmCommentBody>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>Handige website voor als je iets wil weten over tijd/font>/p> /div> /div>div classcomment_divider>/div>div classcomment> h5 idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmDateHead>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>10.10 | 21:20/font>/h5> div classcomment_body styleheight: auto; overflow: visible;> p idusrBannerColumn_usrLatestComments_rptComments__ctl0_htmCommentBody>font stylevertical-align: inherit;>Uw essay heb ik met veel interesse gelezen.Uit uw gedachten goed komt u voor mij naar voren als een pan-en-theist.Invloed Eckhart Tolle? Vriendelijke groet/font>/p> /div> /div>div classcomment_divider>/div>/div> /div> /div> /div> input typehidden classread_more_text valueLees meer> /td> /tr> /table> /td> /tr> /table> /div> div classbannerPosition idbannerPos> table width169 height100% border0 cellspacing0 cellpadding0> tr> td aligncenter valigntop> /td> /tr> /table> /div> /div> div classaspNetHidden> input typehidden name__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR id__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR valueA78E5B41> input typehidden name__EVENTVALIDATION id__EVENTVALIDATION value/wEdAA9rSbPAF2BvE69X62XaPcNXuTZ6M2m6SIhEaHl8qkc1sHfW/2ukCQrwZ0KXpRcp5DtmwpgNbl5zG9gi/z6ZS3sdhnrNxVEbmnzKx0FzF0NTAgLK22xb9pXGLhXBPgd/IbdG8nJewennWWT0Xy1G07llUORedbdiePlzt5PncZoQPilppQcGS09t1cYIurt6JUH6KGU7mjmCG0iVKM71Aa128sScyff6ixx4pIxNhAlpqb3zd5cb6pF11aWm5BqAdPs9lOuE0LOv7BgBBktHKpqsmP8OI9UvfpI9RPpXRlIPsQfuow93iCkThd4NHwyD6HR8zskxPyLF9dxv7dUAxNJN0xSYAA>/div>/form> /body>/html>
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